Yao et al. (2025): Exploring Site‐Specific Carbon Dioxide Removal Options With Storage or Sequestration in the Marine Environment – The 10 Mt CO2 yr−1 Removal Challenge for Germany

W. Yao, T. M. Morganti, J. Wu, M. Borchers, A. Anschütz, L.‐K. Bednarz, K. A. Bhaumik, M. Böttcher, K. Burkhard, T. Cabus, A. S. Chua, I. Diercks, M. Esposito, M. Fink, M. Fouqueray, F. Gasanzade, S. Geilert, J. Hauck, F. Havermann, I. Hellige, S. Hoog, M. Jürchott, H. T. Kalapurakkal, J. Kemper, I. Kremin, I. Lange, J. M. Lencina‐Avila, M. Liadova, F. Liu, S. Mathesius, N. Mehendale, T. Nagwekar, M. Philippi, G. L. N. Luz, M. Ramasamy, F. Stahl, L. Tank, M.‐E. Vorrath, L. Westmark, H.‐W. Wey, R. Wollnik, M. Wölfelschneider, W. Bach, K. Bischof, M. Boersma, U. Daewel, M. Fernández‐Méndez, J. K. Geuer, D. P. Keller, A. Kopf, C. Merk, N. Moosdorf, N. Oppelt, A. Oschlies, J. Pongratz, A. Proelss, G. J. Rehder, L. Rüpke, N. Szarka, D. Thraen, K. Wallmann and N. Mengis IN: Earth’s Future, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004902

In this work, the authors explore different options for mCDR and mCS, using the German context as a case study. They challenge each option to remove 10 Mt CO₂ yr⁻¹, accounting for 8%–22% of projected hard-to-abate and residual emissions of Germany in 2045. They focus on the environmental, resource, and infrastructure requirements of individual mCDR and mCS options at specific sites, within the German jurisdiction when possible. This serves as an entry point to discuss main uncertainty factors and research needs beyond technology readiness, and, where possible, cost estimates, expected environmental effects, and monitoring approaches. In total, they describe 10 mCDR and mCS options; four aim at enhancing the chemical carbon uptake of the ocean through alkalinity enhancement, four aim at enhancing blue carbon ecosystems‘ sink capacity, and two employ geological off-shore storage.

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