Vivian et al. (2025): The State of the Science for Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (mCDR) – A Scientific Summary for Policy-Makers

Chris Vivian, Miranda Boettcher, Mike Elliot, Nadine Mengis, Christine Merk, Andreas Oschlies, Phillip Boyd, Alana Lancaster, Olaf Corry, Masahiro Sugiyama and Aarti Gupta, IN: GEOMAR Repository, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15490407

This document provides a concise summary of the state of marine CDR (mCDR) science, with a focus on those methods that are currently being most actively researched.
These include mCDR options that aim to enhance the biological carbon pump: microalgal ocean fertilization, biomass (macroalgae and crop-waste) sinking, artificial upwelling and mCDR options that aim at increasing the chemical carbon sink: ocean alkalinity enhancement and direct ocean removal (also termed ‘direct ocean capture’ and ‘direct water removal’).