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Peer-reviewed Publications

te Pas (2026): Towards “set-in-stone” co-deployment of enhanced rock weathering and biochar – an experimental study on their CO₂ removal and agronomic co-benefits

Emily E. M. te Pas, IN: Wageningen University, https://doi.org/10.18174/681512

To limit global temperature rise well below 2⁰C, Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Removal (CDR) strategies, such as Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW) and biochar, are urgently required. Besides CDR, ERW releases nutrients and trace metals, while biochar surfaces may bind these weathering products. The main objective of this research was to experimentally study whether and through which processes ERW, and biochar co-deployment, can promote carbon sequestration, while limiting trace metal risks and providing agronomic co-benefits.

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Bauer et al. (2026): In-situ deep ocean monitoring reveals rapid kelp degradation limits marine biomass-based carbon sequestration potential and alters benthic ecosystems

Kohen W. Bauer, Paulo V. F. Correa, Alex Lupin, Stefanie Mellon, Mojtaba Fakhraee, Anna C. Savage, Alison K. Tune, Alexander L. Slonimer, Bradley Rochlin & Fabio C. De Leo, IN: Communications Earth & Environment, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03342-0

Sinking macroalgal biomass carbon to the deep seafloor has been proposed as a means of removing atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the persistence of this carbon and its ecological impacts remain poorly constrained. Here, the authors present results from a year-long in-situ experiment in the Northeast Pacific oxygen minimum zone, where kelp was deployed and monitored with high-resolution time-lapse imaging. Over 90% of the biomass decomposed and disappeared within approximately 100 days, primarily via microbial and faunal activity. Some fraction of the carbon likely entered dissolved pools with longer residence times, but overall carbon sequestration efficiency may be limited under these conditions. Kelp emplacement also altered benthic community structure, based on >5000 annotated faunal observations from video imagery spanning 13 species, underscoring important ecological trade-offs.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Choi et al. (2026): Acid leaching process of an ultramafic mine tailing for indirect CO₂ mineralization

Kyoung Hun Choi, Spencer Cunningham, Hamid Radfarnia, Kourosh Zanganeh & Gisele Azimi, IN: Scientific Reports, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-35873-z

The extraction of divalent metals from ultramafic mine tailings for indirect CO₂ mineralization is a promising strategy for large-scale carbon sequestration. This study investigates the acid leaching process of an ultramafic nickel tailing, rich in magnesium silicates, using two different acids: hydrochloric acid and citric acid. The aim was to evaluate the leaching efficiency of key metals, including magnesium, calcium, and iron, under varying operational conditions. These conditions included acid concentration (0.5 to 2 mol/L), solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio (0.01 to 0.5 g/mL), temperature (25 to 65 °C), and multi-stage leaching.

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Paessler et al. (2026): Total Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity and pH as Potential MRV Proxies for Enhanced Weathering

Dirk Paessler, Jens Steffen Hammes, Ingrid Smet, Anna Anke Stöckel, Melissa J Murphy, Ralf Steffens and Jens Hartmann, IN: ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23232.39688

In this document the authors take you on a guided tour through the extensive dataset that they have gathered from their greenhouse experiments over the time of 3 years in 2023/2024/2025. These experiments entail more than 400 lysimeters with combinations of various soils and feedstocks that they maintained and monitored in their greenhouse. Roughly once a month they emptied the lysimeters’ tanks and measured various parameters of the leachate.

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Eshaghi Gorji et al. (2025): Direct Air Capture: Recyclability and Exceptional CO₂ Uptake Using a Superbase

Zahra Eshaghi Gorji, Baljeet Singh, Antti Lempinen and Timo Repo, IN: Environmental Science & Technology, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c13908

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO₂ presents challenges owing to its low concentration and the high humidity of ambient air. In this study, efficient and reversible CO₂ capture from humid air was achieved using a liquid absorbent derived from a deep eutectic solvent (DES), composed of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-6-ene (TBN) and benzyl alcohol.

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Bolongaro et al. (2025): Life-Cycle Assessment of Solid Calcium-Looping Direct Air Capture and Its Synergistic Dual Use for Net-Negative Cement

Vittoria Bolongaro, David Yang Shu, Noah McQueen and André Bardow, IN: ChemRXiv, https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-8zjlg-v2

Calcium-looping direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is a mature technology positioned for gigatonne-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR). However, a holistic assessment of its system-wide environmental performance and large-scale implications remains critically absent. Here, the authors present a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) of megatonne-scale calcium-looping DACCS systems under projected 2050 energy scenarios, evaluating CO₂ removal alongside 18 other environmental impact categories.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Martirosian et al. (2025): Alignment of international standards for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Comparative analysis of the EU Carbon Removal and Carbon Farming (CRCF) Regulation against the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) and Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement

Natasha Martirosian, Murali A Thoppil, Evangelos Mouchos, Joanna House, Julian Smart, Injy Johnstone, Luka Štrubelj and Isabela Butnar, IN: University of Bristol, https://doi.org/10.71706/92435e1c-c500-43ce-be95-1007565ebc7a

Achieving net-zero climate goals requires carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Doing this with credibility and trust requires robust standards for measuring reporting and verification of removals. In the UK context, the UK government has commissioned the British Standards Institution (BSI) to develop standards for Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BioCCS) and Direct Air Capture with CCS (DACCS), with detailed methodological approaches under development. To inform this process, this report critically compares three international protocols: The Carbon Removal and Carbon Farming (CRCF) Regulation EU 2024/3012 (and related regulations) is assessed against the the Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) Core Carbon Principles and Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement.

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Venmans et al. (2025): Temporary carbon dioxide removals to offset methane emissions

Frank Venmans, Wilfried Rickels and Ben Groom, IN: Nature Climate Change, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02487-8

Unlike CO₂, methane emissions have a particularly large short-term effect on temperature. The authors argue that these largely temporary temperature effects of methane emissions are apt to be offset by temporary CO₂ removal. Temporally matching offsetting temperature reductions to the temperature impulse of methane eliminates the sizable intertemporal welfare transfers that occur when methane is offset by equivalent permanent CO₂ removals. Assessing equivalence based on avoided economic damages suggests that about 87 temporary CO₂ removals over a period of 30 years are needed to offset 1 t of methane. Agreement on the appropriate quantity of temporary CO₂ offsets is insensitive to controversial parameters such as the social discount rate, climate damages and future emission scenarios. Short-term monitoring periods of 20–30 years are likely to be more credibly enforceable for various nature-based CO₂ removal projects than long-term monitoring requirements.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

León et al. (2025): Plant and Soil Responses to Concrete and Basalt Amendments Under Elevated CO₂: Implications for Plant Growth, Enhanced Weathering and Carbon Sequestration

Haridian del Pilar León, Sara Martinez, María del Mar Delgado, José L. Gabriel, Sergio Alvarez, IN: Agriculture (MDPI), https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232435

The rise in greenhouse gases underscores the urgency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as a complement to emission reductions. Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) holds promise by coupling geochemical carbon sequestration with agronomic benefits, although integrative experimental evidence remains limited. This study evaluated two amendments (recycled concrete in wheat, C₃, and basalt in maize, C₄) under ambient and elevated CO₂ conditions (~1000 ppm).

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Liu et al. (2025): Integrating experimental and geochemical modelling for productive carbon dioxide mineralization in the South China Sea

Bo Liu, Erfan Mohammadian, Amin Azdarpour, Rahim Masoudi, Chenlu Xu and Boyang Wang, IN: Communications Earth & Environment, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02988-6

Reaching carbon neutrality requires innovative and scalable carbon sequestration technologies. Here, the authors present an enhanced ex-situ mineral carbonation method using South China Sea seawater and calcium-rich additives for carbon dioxide storage. The authors conducted high-pressure (50–500 atm) laboratory experiments using calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and wollastonite, and performed numerical geochemical simulations.

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