Schlagwort: enhanced weathering

Peer-reviewed Publications

Migo-Sumagang et al. (2025): A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Model for Enhanced Weathering Networks Considering Logistical Emissions

Maria Victoria Migo-Sumagang, Kathleen B. Aviso, Dominic C. Y. Foo, Raymond R. Tan, Yin Ling Tan, IN: Chemical Engineering Transactions, https://doi.org/10.3303/CET25120015

In this work, the authors develop a mixed-integer linear programming model to optimize enhanced weathering networks to maximize CDR for a given set of sources (rock-crushing plants) and sinks (application sites). The model determines both topology (source-sink matches) and physical flow rates; alternative solutions can be explored using integer cut techniques.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Muth et al. (2025): Direct In Situ Measurement of Alkalinity Export for Real-Time Enhanced Weathering MRV

Andrew Muth, Jonte Boysen, Pascal Michel, IN: CDRXiv Preprint, https://doi.org/10.70212/cdrxiv.2025456.v1

Accurate quantification of alkalinity export from the near-field zone remains a key bottleneck for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) through Enhanced Weathering (EW). Here the authors validate the Everest Pulsar, a field-deployable alkalinity sensor that accumulates total alkalinity (TA) using a weak acid ion-exchange resin and transduces resin saturation into a digital, in situ measurement.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Hammes et al. (2025): Soil processes govern alkalinity and cation retention in enhanced weathering for carbon dioxide removal

Jens S. Hammes, Jens Hartmann, Johannes A. C. Barth, Tobias Linke, Ingrid Smet, Mathilde Hagens, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, Tom Reershemius, Bruno Casimiro, Arthur Vienne, Anna A. Stoeckel, Ralf Steffens and Dirk Paessler, IN: EGUsphere, https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-5402/

Avoiding the most damaging consequences of climate change will almost certainly require pairing rapid emission cuts with large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Among the proposed CDR pathways, enhanced weathering (EW) accelerates natural mineral dissolution to convert atmospheric CO₂ into long-lived bicarbonate and carbonate reservoirs. Despite the many reported data from EW experiments, large uncertainty remains about the realisable CDR potential of applying rock materials to agricultural land. One of the relevant sinks for CO₂ is the transfer to bicarbonate alkalinity, and various EW studies have reported a wide range of results for this process. Intercomparison of these data is problematic due to the different experimental set-ups, environmental conditions as well as combinations of rock materials and soil types. In order to assess and compare the realisable CDR potential of various EW combinations, a large greenhouse experiment was set up in which 4 different soil types (7 different soil batches) were treated with 13 different feedstock materials.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Suhrhoff et al. (2025): An Updated Framework and Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Soil Mass Balance Approaches for Quantifying Enhanced Weathering on Managed Lands

Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, Tom Reershemius, Jacob S. Jordan, Shihan Li, Shuang Zhang, Ella Milliken, Boriana Kalderon-Asael, Yael Ebert, Rufaro Nyateka, Jake T. Thompson, Christopher T. Reinhard and Noah J. Planavsky, IN: Environmental Science & Technology, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c08303

Enhanced weathering is a promising approach for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at scale while improving agricultural yields. However, accurately quantifying carbon dioxide removal in the field is critical for this approach to scale, particularly given that nearly all the current deployment activity caters to the voluntary carbon market. Here, the authors present an updated framework and a signal-to-noise analysis for using soil-based mass balance approaches to quantify rock powder dissolution from field-scale data of soil composition. With additional assumptions, the quantification of rock powder dissolution can be used to estimate the carbon dioxide removal potential of EW deployments.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Zhou et al. (2025): High-resolution numerical assessment of large-scale riverine alkalinity modification scenarios along the southern coast of the United States

Xing Zhou, Annalisa Bracco, Takamitsu Ito and Chris Reinhard, IN: Preprint (cdrXiv), https://doi.org/10.70212/cdrxiv.2025408.v1

River-based alkalinity modifications represent potentially effective approaches for removing atmospheric CO₂ and mitigating anthropogenic climate change. Evaluating their effectiveness requires consideration of downstream impacts on coastal ocean CO₂ air–sea exchange following intervention. In this study, the authors applied a high-resolution (5 km) regional coupled physical and biogeochemical model (CROCO-PISCES) to assess two carbon dioxide removal approaches, alkalinity enhancement (AE) and enhanced weathering (EW), in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon inputs were added to riverine outflow from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers according to eight hypothetical scenarios with variable magnitude and timing.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Yang et al. (2025): Synergistic Effects of a Microbial Amendment and Crushed Basalt: Soil Geochemical and Microbial Responses

Yun-Ya Yang, Clifton P Bueno de Mesquita, Corey R Lawrence, Philip D Weyman, Daniel Dores, Tania Timmermann, Noah Fierer, Gonzalo A Fuenzalida-Meriz, IN: Preprint (cdrXiv), https://doi.org/10.70212/cdrxiv.2025369.v1

Over geologic timescales, the natural weathering of silicate minerals in soils and regolith regulates atmospheric CO₂. Although this process is slow relative to anthropogenic emissions, several strategies have been proposed to accelerate this process for climate mitigation. These include the application of finely-ground silicate rock to increase mineral surface area (enhanced weathering, EW) and the use of microbes that catalyze mineral dissolution and CO₂ biomineralization (microbial carbon dioxide mineralization, MCM). While both approaches show promise, their combined application has rarely been tested. Here, the authors examined how soil chemistry and bacterial communities respond to a basalt feedstock rich in silicate minerals, a Bacillus subtilis strain (MP1) previously shown to enhance weathering, and their combination. In a 91-day soybean mesocosm experiment with slightly acidic soil (pH 6.6), MP1 persisted where applied, indicating successful inoculation via seed treatment.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Yang et al. (2025): Synergistic Effects of a Microbial Amendment and Crushed Basalt: Soil Geochemical and Microbial Responses

Yun-Ya Yang, Clifton P Bueno de Mesquita, Corey R Lawrence, Philip D Weyman, Daniel Dores, Tania Timmermann, Noah Fierer, Gonzalo A Fuenzalida-Meriz, IN: CDRxiv (Preprint), https://doi.org/10.70212/cdrxiv.2025369.v1

Over geologic timescales, the natural weathering of silicate minerals in soils and regolith regulates atmospheric CO₂. Although this process is slow relative to anthropogenic emissions, several strategies have been proposed to accelerate this process for climate mitigation. These include the application of finely-ground silicate rock to increase mineral surface area (enhanced weathering, EW) and the use of microbes that catalyze mineral dissolution and CO₂ biomineralization (microbial carbon dioxide mineralization, MCM). While both approaches show promise, their combined application has rarely been tested. Here, the authors examined how soil chemistry and bacterial communities respond to a basalt feedstock rich in silicate minerals, a Bacillus subtilis strain (MP1) previously shown to enhance weathering, and their combination. In a 91-day soybean mesocosm experiment with slightly acidic soil (pH 6.6), MP1 persisted where applied, indicating successful inoculation via seed treatment.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Suhrhoff et al. (2025): Aggregated monitoring of enhanced weathering on agricultural lands – Preprint

Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, Anu Khan, Shuang Zhang, Beck J Woollen, Tom Reershemius, Mark A. Bradford, Alexander Polussa, Ella Milliken, Peter A. Raymond, Chris Reinhard, Noah Planavsky, IN: CDRXiv, https://doi.org/10.70212/cdrxiv.2025394.v1

Terrestrial enhanced weathering (EW) on agricultural land is a promising carbon dioxide removal (CDR) pathway with high potential to scale. Enhanced weathering also has the potential to provide significant agronomic co-benefits to farmers and producers. Today, most EW field trials are funded through the voluntary carbon market (VCM) with the purpose of generating carbon removal credits for corporate sustainability goals. As a result, monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) frameworks for EW are designed for attribution of tons of removal via weathering to individual fields. Here, the authors describe approaches for aggregation of weathering indicators across multiple fields using aqueous, solid, and gas phase measurements.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Planavsky et al. (2025): Bridging time lags in durable carbon removal on working lands

Noah J. Planavsky, Beck J. Woollen, Ella Milliken, Mojtaba Fakhraee, David J. Beerling and Christopher T. Reinhard, IN: ESS Open Archive, https.://doi.org/ 10.22541/essoar.175855457.77763746/v1

Enhanced weathering and biochar application on working lands show promising signs of delivering durable carbon dioxide removal required to meet internationally agreed upon climate change mitigation goals. Although both technologies can scale comparatively quickly, their ability to offset radiative forcing from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions is delayed by time lags between deployment and realized carbon removal. Here, the authors suggest that coupling enhanced weathering and biochar with point-source methane emissions reductions provides a robust crediting framework for carbon credits that can continuously-and immediately-offset anthropogenic emissions.

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Peer-reviewed Publications

Nature – Beerling et al. (2025): Challenges and opportunities in scaling enhanced weathering for carbon dioxide removal

David J. Beerling, Christopher T. Reinhard, Rachael H. James, Anu Khan, Nick Pidgeon and Noah J. Planavsky, IN: Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00713-7

Terrestrial enhanced weathering (EW) on agricultural lands is a proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technology involving the amendment of soils with crushed base cation-rich rocks, such as basalt. Over a quarter of a billion dollars have been raised by commercial EW start-ups across the globe, accelerating the deployment of EW at scale. In this Review, the authors outline the scientific knowledge and policy requirements for scaling EW.

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